Important for an organization Free Essays

Why Is It Important for an organization to undergo this type of transformation? It Is essential for an organization to modernize and change In to the way It does business when business needs change and when the political and social aspects change. Transformation in an organization covers a vast variety of needs and activity, this is generally aimed at improving performance CE and productivity for an organization to survive. This can be achieved in many ways, from growth , innovation, skills development, as well as through downsizing, layoffs and replacement as well as haft in assets resources or market shares. We will write a custom essay sample on Important for an organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Moses cases organizations have little chance but to change. As the global world move faster mans faster mans shift unpredictably organizational transformations Is needed and required. Conventional thinking suggest that when there Is a right business structures In place It will provide suffuse cent amount of innovation, and agility for an organization to succeed and sustain. In most cases the business decisions that were once clear and knowing are becoming more complicated and ambiguous. This leads to skilled individuals with very good track record to fail in c elaboration. They are unable to work together to understand challenges, and form a game plan to resolve them. They continue to be falling back to traditional foundries and turf wars. When collaboration with others and coordinate across supply chain remains elusive. Innovation is stalled mans customer focus is uncoordinated and uneven implementation. Change Is the only constant In the world today. To have a successfully translator or change In an organization It to first engage the people who will help make the change append. Its not change that causes failure but the translation process. Some organizational change is small like a department but others are large that in voles an entire organization. Regardless of the change there will always be resistant to change even if the old way is outside and unproductive. Transition process has 3 places Letting go of the old Natural zone Embracing new normal Take prattle approach toward the upcoming change. This Is best accomplish by forming a change management ream to help prepare he organization. Inshore, when n organization Is stuck when frustrated executive work hard and long with Limited success, staff at all level are overwhelmed, guarded and cynical that is when employ to successfully manager through this transition? Define roles – managers who initiates the dead of change and points out the need, the managers who coordinates the transition, the managers who rallies the company to get behind the change and the managers responsible for seeing the chase through Identify need-?an organizations change can only happen when the organization feels the change is added. Change in leadership/management/employees bring in new to re-energize Get out side help via consultations and cooperate resources – a team to implement change from the old to new The ability to integrate systems collaborate await prairies and coordinate across the supply chain remain elusive. Innovation is hampered and stilled. Customer focused strategies ay uncoordinated and implementation is uneven. Organizational transformation is a process that no existing organization will miss in the organizational life cycle. Digitization that sis not go through transformation have probably ceased to exist because organizations that do not grandson to match with the external environment will onto survive the wave of change forgiven by external environment. Organizational transformation should be viewed as a holistic approach to a radical change which covers the entire context of an organization from ecological to humanist aspect. Every organization has some ability to stretch to adapt to changer, however at times organization are stretch t their limits and will lose the elasticity to spoon to changer. This is the time where transformation needs to take place to redesign the organization fro new challenges. Leadership as the criteria of cusses in organization, more so in the time of organization transition. The breaking of organizations culture, the values vision mans mission changes, the leadership changes , organization restructuring or even the organization members’ internal value reformation will push an organization beyond its limits and trigger the transformation process. The forces that are external to the organization or beyond he control of the organization or beyond the control of the organization. Some are technologicaladvancement, economy condition, political and social reformation, changes in legal requirement and industry revolution. The factories influencing the success of organization transformation goes hand -in -hand with the internal forces; they are organization strategies, structure, leadership, values, culture and organizations monomers spirit. The success in manipulating these factors stated will help the organization successfully transform into a more agile and powerful entity hat is able to withstand both external and internal forces. Every organization operate as a system, either an efficient one or one that is in efficient. Organization transformation was needed because the system in an organization is falling apart, due to its inefficiency. When the system is broken, members of the organization will not be able or see themselves as part of the organization. There is no clarity of their positions and functions in the system. New leaders of the organization need to reestablish the system. The systems thinking before, during and after the How to cite Important for an organization, Papers

Contracts Created by Electronic Means

Question: Discuss about theContracts Created by Electronic Means. Answer: Introduction A contract is a voluntary understanding in between two or more parties which is enforceable by law. A contract arises due to formation of agreement, consideration, legal capacity, intention, and certainty which are the five essential elements. Both the parties should be capable to enter into an agreement under the existing law. Minors, intoxicated person, mentally insufficient person cant enter into a contract. Mutual consent is essential for forming a contractual relationship in between parties[1]. The world is witnessing a changed manner of doing business due to increase use of technology. The internet has become an important medium to conduct business within or outside the country. This has created urgency and given rise to complex jurisdictional problems and formed variety of consumer protection issues. A clear purpose for the enactment of the Electronic Transaction Act 1999 by the Commonwealth Parliament is due to increase use of internet in conducting business[2]. The act is a part of the commonwealth governments strategic structure for protecting the economy in the age of technology. It ensures that the people enjoy the social and economic rights under any circumstance[3]. The act was enforced on 15 March 2000 and is made on the United Nation Commission on International Trade Laws Model Law on Electronic Commerce (UNCITRAL). It was adopted under the guidelines of the experts referring issues related to e-commerce[4]. The law safeguards the interest of people by removing the legal obstacles to use electronic communication for business[5]. Each state and territory has effectively enacted the complimentary legislation as a part of national uniform system. The legislation is based on two practical theories which are: functional equivalence and technology neutrality. Functional equivalence treats both the paper and electronic transactions on same parameter. Technology neutrality doesnt differentiate in between different type of technology. The extensive range of electronic communication includes communication through fax, email, messages or any other electronic medium. A contract is a basic necessity for any transaction in a business. It is a union connecting two or more people to discharge a legal obligation under a valuable consideration. A contract can be created with a variety of methodologies like exchange of communication by post, verbally, or by completion of formal documents. An oral contract is valid as per the law provided there is no specific requirement of a written contract. The beginning of the information age has changed the form of communication of business. There are various ways to create an electronic contract either through e-mail or by using the website[6]. The electronic contracts are divided in three major categories. Sale of physical goods is where the goods are ordered online and payment is made via internet. The customer gets the normal delivery at their doorstep. Sale of digitized goods takes place in sale of the software, where the buyer receives the goods online. Supply of services takes place in online banking, financi al consultancy, and consumer advice. The services are made available online by the service provider.The indication of lowest price[7] doesnt constitute to an offer to sell. In the case of Fisher vs. Bell it was constituted by the court that display of goods with the price label in a shop is not an offer. It will be treated as invitation to treat. The offer is made when the customer present the item to the cashier. Acceptance altogether happens when the payment is made. In the case of Harvey vs. Facey[8] difference between the offer and supply of information was stated. The Privy Council mentioned that mentioning the lowest price to the party doesnt constitute an offer, however it will be considered as mere negotiation. There are five essential of a valid contract which binds the parties under an obligation. It is necessary to make a valid offer to the other party. The other party must accept the offer to create a contractual relationship. The parties should have mutual concern regarding creating contractual relationship which involves consideration. The terms of the contract must be certain. All the essential of the electronic contract are similar to the contract law but under the electronic law, offer and acceptance are considered separately. It is significant to understand when and where the contracts are formed as it influences the privileges of the parties to the contract and helps in deciding the authority in case of disputes. New section 13(1) (a)[9]summarizes the detail information about e-contracts which means dispatch occurs when the information is transmitted. The postal acceptance rule is exclusion to normal contractual principles which are accepted due to delay in time. The contract is formed when it is accepted by the other party. In case of contract through electronic form (email) a contract shall be created when an offeree presses send rather than an offeror giving his acceptance. Time and place is important while accepting the contract. In the case law of Tallerman Co Pty Ltd v Nathan's Merchandise it was stated by the court that the actual obligation to a contract starts when the acceptance is communicated; it creates a legal relationship in between the parties. In the offer is not completed until and unless an acceptance is received to the offeror[10]. When the contracts are formed through electronic medium, it is difficult to establish the moment of creation of the contract. While creating an electronic contract, determining the time of acceptance and formation directly affects the contractual rights of the parties. For example in sale of good through online sale, sending the acceptance is a critical transaction. Under the common law it is necessary to have a deemed receipt whereas in case of electronic communication, when the information is received by the addressee. In the case of Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation the court stated that posting rule doesnt apply to the acceptance made by telex as it is an instantaneous form of communicating information. The court held that this type of acceptance doesnt led to contractual relationship[11].However new section 13(1) (b)[12] states that the time of dispatch is determined when it is acknowledged by the addressee. In the case law of Henthorn vs. Fraser it was stated by the court that claimant is entitled for specific performance. According to the ordinary usage of postal services, the acceptance is completed when the letter is posted. In the case of Adam vs. Lindsell it was stated by the court that the origin of postal acceptance rule regards to the acceptance, [13][14]and any form of acceptance should be communicated expressly to an offeror, however if the letter of acceptance is posted , it is regarded as accepted. In the case law of Leach Nominees Pty Ltd v Walter Wright the telex machine was used to send the acceptance was used by the third party. The acceptance was considered to be dispatched when the sender gave the message to the telex operator, not when it was sent. In a recent case law it was stated by the Supreme Court that the negotiation made through email are enforceable agreements. The email negotiation between a vendor and an authorized representative is a subject to a contract. It further stated that it binds the party into a contract satisfying the requirements of the Property Law Act 1974(Qld) (PLA). Further the court stated that subject to the parties have agreed on the purchase price, the deposit etc. binds the party into a contract. In the famous case of Stellard Pty Ltd Anor v North Queensland Fuel Pty Ltd it was stated by the court that the Expression email exchange suggests that the party are agreed on the terms and conditions attached with the contract. The email exchange suggests that the parties are willing to fulfill the requisite terms and conditions[15]. Offer and acceptance are essential elements to form a contract. They both are necessary ingredients to bind the party in a contractual relationship. The offer will become a contract when the acceptance is received from the other party. In Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co the court stated that the offer[16] which is made through various forms like newspaper advertisement, letter, fax, email etc. are explicit offer which held that advertisement containing certain terms and conditions regarding reward binds offeror in a contractual relationship. Section 14B of the act states the provisions concerning Invitation to treat electronic contracts. The internet and technology has changed the way of conducting business. Various websites are indulged in carrying online business which creates a contractual relationship in between the seller and buyer. By putting any product for display on internet is an offer as per the definition mentioned in the act. The act states that any good which is displayed for sale online binds the seller in a contractual relationship. Display of goods on internet is a general offer to the public where any party can ask for purchase. This creates a legal obligation on the party to perform the contract by delivering the goods.Section5 (1)[17] of the Principal Act states the provisions related to generalized offers. An unaddressed proposal made randomly is regarded as an offer. The law defines three kinds of mistakes in a contract: the unilateral mistake, the bilateral mistake, and the common mistake. The mistaken offer makes the contract either voidable or void-ab-initio. Under this act section 15D[18] applies in relation to the statement, declaration, as well as an offer and acceptance of an offer. In case of an error committed by a natural person or through a self-created message system, the party has the right to leave the part of the mistake. It is the duty to inform the other party about the error occurred at an initial stage. An offeree hasnt withdrawn any benefit from the mistaken offer. The right to withdraw the part of electronic communication doesnt provide the other party to rescind the contract. The consequence of the withdrawal of the portion of the electronic communication is determined by the law. In case of unfair contract terms the plaintiff has the rights to terminate the contract, to vary the contract terms, and to allow the other party to avoid the obligation. The acts provide legal assistance in case of dispute due to unfair means of contract. In case of financial services one can make complaint to the Australian Securities and Investment Commission. They provide legal assistance in case of financial misconduct. In case of other type of contracts the plaintiff can make a complaint to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) or Office of Fair Trading. Both the organization helps in safeguarding the rights in case of online misconduct. In the case law of Hartog v Colin Shields it was stated by the court that unilateral mistakes in the terms of an offer does not simply means the offers and to be able to enforce it. Moreover where the other person is aware about the unilateral mistake made by the offeror he should not take an advantage of such mistake. Electronic Transactions (Victoria) Act 2000 safeguards the interest of the plaintiff under inappropriate conditions. Disputes arise in between the parties due to involvement of a considerable sum. In case of dispute the parties have right to address it through arbitration or mediation. This will help both the parties to appoint a mediator to resolve the complex issues. ADR has a major role to play in future due to up gradation in technology and software. It was stated by E C Lide in his paper in the year 1996 that ADR will play a major role in resolving disputes arising out of technology. The internet ADR system will help in online solution of the dispute in the presence of experts. This model works well in ICANN Uniform Domain name[19]. The only evidence in an electronic transaction is the computer generated documents. It creates problem as it is difficult to amend data in the system. In case of e-commerce there is a risk of alteration of the data. In other words if the veracity of the electronic data is not ensured, the overall value of the contract will not remain the same. The only solution to the problem is using digital signatures. We all know that the technology is growing at a rapid rate which has led to generation of electronic tools like digital signatures. An electronic signature is signature used in case of electronic data transmission. They are recognized both in Australia and in other countries. They have the same effect as the handwritten signatures. Digital signature[20] is unique electronic identities which make them more trusted and secured way of authorization of the electronic contracts. It transforms the document using cryptography. It helps in ensuring that if any party tries to change the infor mation attached, the verification process will ensure that this situation doesnt arise. The court protects the party in case of any such misconduct. Moreover, with the advancement in technology it is highly suggested that the digital signatures will lose their authenticity due to chances of data interference. It is highly recommended to update the technology when and where it is required. The companies should change their signing and encryption keys in number of occasion because of the chances of failure in technology due to advancement. In the case law of Mehta v J Pereira Fernandez it was stated that the present various guidelines and security management system which ensures the safety of the data.The name written in the end of an email can be considered as the digital signature[21]. Its status is as similar as the hand-written signature Computer and technology has changed the scenario of conducting business. Internet has become a popular place to exchange goods and services. The society understands the increasing trend of e-commerce where majority of sales are carried online. There is however some challenges attached while conducting electronic business. The electronic transaction act defines the scope and the legal rights of the parties to the contract. It discusses the remedies available to the parties in case of non-performance. In the age of global competition the electronic contract is a tool used to perform oversea business. It consists of all the general scope attached with the legislation and explains the duty of the parties to the contract. References Alan L Tyree, Electronic signatures. https://austlii.edu.au/~alan/electronic-signatures.html Andy Gibson and Douglas Fraser, Business Law 2014(Pearson Higher Education AU, 2013) Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Christensen, Sharon --- "Formation of Contracts by Email Is it Just the Same as the Post?" [2001] QUTLawJJl 3; (2001) 1(1) Queensland University of Technology Law and Justice Journal 22 Court of Appeal [1893] 1 QB 256; [1892] EWCA Civ 1https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/carlill.html E-Commerce. https://www.ag.gov.au/RightsAndProtections/ECommerce/Pages/default.aspx Electronic Transactions(Victoria) Act 2000 - SECT 13 https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/eta2000345/s13.html Electronic Transactions(Victoria) Act 2000 - SECT 13. https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/eta2000345/s13.html Electronic Transactions(Victoria) Act 2000 - SECT 5 https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/eta2000345/s5.html Electronic Transactions(Victoria) Act1999 - SECT 15D. https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/eta1999256/s15d.html Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation [1955] 2 ALL ER 493; [1955] 2 QB 327; [1955] EWCA Civ 3https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/entores.html Harvey vs. facey (1893) Privy Council Beatson and J. Cartwright, Anson's Law of Contract (Oxford University Press, 2016) Jeannie Marie Paterson, Andrew Robertson, Arlen Duke, Principles of Contract Law (Thomson Reuters Australia, 2012 Mehta v J Pereira Fernandes S.A [2006] EWHC 813 (Ch) (07 April 2006https://austlii.edu.au/~alan/electronic-signatures.html Michael Gisler, et al. Legal Aspects of Electronic Contracts Infrastructures for Dynamic Business-to-Business Service Outsourcing (IDSO'00) Stockholm, 5 - 6 June 2000. Philip Argy and Nicholas Martin, Mallesons Stephen Jaques, The effective formation of contracts by electronic means, Stellard Pty Ltd Anor v North Queensland Fuel Pty Ltd [2015] QSC 119 (14/11998) Martin J 15 May 2015https://www.hunthunt.com.au/news-and-publications/insurance/sale-of-land-email-exchange Tallerman and Co Pty Ltd v Nathan's Merchandise (Vic) Pty Ltd [1957] HCA 10; (1957) 98 CLR 93 (18 February 1957)High Court of Australiahttps://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/cth/high_ct/98clr93.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=~contract%20near%20law

Specification of Marble Stone Flooring Essays - Construction

Specification of Marble Stone Flooring Scope This specification covers marble flooring in situ having uniform in color free from stains, cracks, decay and weathering and providing the necessary skirting edging of the same material. Methods Marble stone flooring consists of 20 mm to 25 mm thick marble slabs laid over 20 mm thick base of cement coarse sand mortar of 1:3 and jointed with white cement slurry mixed with pigment to match the shade of stone. The marble stones/slabs used in flooring or dado are cut according to the size and shapes given in drawing or to suit site dimension of the room and desired pattern. All angles and edges of marble slabs are true and square and are free from chipping. The surface is true and plain. Raw Material for Marble Flooring Marble Stone Coarse Sand Ordinary Cement White Cement Pigment Polishing Material Marble stone flooring is not a latest trend in flooring. We are using it from long time. Marble is very durable and its shining remains for long. Cleaning your marble floor is as easy as a b c. Raw marble slab before flooring Raw Material in Base Coat and Upper Layer Sand Brick Blast Cement Quantity of Cement and Other Material Sufficient for one Sq. meter for flooring Base Coat:- S. No. Materials Quantity 1. Fine Sand 0.15 CUM 2. Brick Blast 0.10 CUM 3. Cement 0.18 Bags Top Layer:- S.No. Material Quantity 1. Marble Stone 1.15 SQM 2. Cement 0.25 Bags 3. Cement White 0.02 Bag 4. Coarse Sand 0.015 CUM Installation of Marble Stone Flooring Preparation of sub base: Base coat consisting of cement concrete 1:8:16, 1:5:10 or 1:4:8 should be laid on compacted earth under marble stone flooring. Laying out of marble stone slabs The base concrete or RCC slab on which marble stone slabs are laid should be thoroughly cleaned. The average thickness of bedding mortar under marble stone slab should be 20 mm thick and the ratio of cement mortar should be 1:3 The sand used in mortar should be coarse sand. The thickness of bedding should not be less than 12 mm in any place The top surface of mortar (bedding) should be leveled correctly by adding fresh mortar at hollows if any. The mortar is allowed to harden and cement slurry shall be spread at the rate of 4.4 kg per sq. meter. Marble stone slab to be paved should then be lowered gently back in position and tapped with wooded mallet till it is properly bedded and leveled with adjoining slab. Care should be taken to match the grains of slabs. All stone slabs should be laid in same manner. After lying of each slab surplus cement on the surface of slabs should be cleaned. The surface of flooring as laid should be true to slopes. The edges of slabs already paved are filled with white cement with or without admixture to match the shade of the stone slabs Curing Of Marble Stone Flooring The Marble stone floor should be cured for a minimum period of seven days. Polishing and Finishing The grinding may be done either by hand or by machine. Manual grinding should be done after two days of laying of marble flooring Machine grinding should commence 3-4 days after laying marble stone flooring First Grinding The grinding should be done by machine with grit No. 60. The water should be used profusely during grinding. After grinding the surface should thoroughly be washed to remove all grinding mud. A grout of cement and pigment in the same mix and proportion apply to the surface. It should be allowed to dry and then cured for four days. Second Grinding The second grinding is done with machine fitted with fine grit blocks No120. The surface is again washed cleanly and is repaired if required. Specification of Mosaic Flooring: Scope: This specification covers different types of tiles available in various decorative colours sizes. Construction of floor by laying these tiles is time saving. The main raw materials used for the manufacture are cement concrete coloured stone chips. These tiles are made generally in the sizes of 200 200 20 mm, 300 300 25 mm. These tiles can also be

Viewing behaviour through a lifespan perspective Essays

Viewing behaviour through a lifespan perspective Essays Viewing behaviour through a lifespan perspective Paper Viewing behaviour through a lifespan perspective Paper What are the advantages and disadvantages of sing behavior through a lifespan position for societal work pattern? This assignment will look at the advantages and disadvantages a societal worker sing behaviors through a lifespan position may meet. It will look at developmental theories that relate to the chosen service user group, and how, as a societal worker, this cognition would increase apprehension of the service user and how this in bend may impact the function of a societal worker in pattern. The service users age group being explored in this assignment will be older grownups aged from 65+ . Lifespan development starts from construct and coatings with the decease of each person. During each person s lifetime there are changeless alterations and developments taking topographic point, the bulk of phases and life alterations each person passes through are due to their common psychological and biological heritage as worlds and are shared by all people. Culture and societal category, and the person s environment are all factors that help determine the class of development ( Niven. N.1989 ) . There are five chief theoretical attacks for lifetime development ; these are biological, cognitive, humanist, behaviorist and the psychodynamic attack. Aging in late life is shaped by the accretion of life events and the propinquity of decease ; a misperception about ripening is that disablement and hapless wellness in later grownup life are inevitable ( Davies, M, 2002 ) .A A During each person s lifetime, they will see a series of crises and life passages. Through out the lifetime there are certain periods or phases where each person will confront a passage from one province to another. These periods have been referred to as life crises by some psychologists, each crisis necessitating to be resolved in order to come on to the following phase. Each single returns through the phases of development, and the manner in which they deal with each crisis in each phase of development forms their personality ( Niven, N, 1989 ) .A Other attacks agree that there are certain phases in development that have significance for each person, but they province that there are besides other events that can besides determine development these being exp erienced by some persons but non all. Retirement is merely one of a figure of alterations that need to be adjusted to in late maturity, among the others are worsening wellness and physical strength along with physical and centripetal damage which can ensue in increased dependence on others in late maturity ( Beckett.C.2002 ) . Several physical and cognitive alterations besides take topographic point in old age ( Bee A ; Mitchell, 1984 ) cited in ( Sugarman. L. 1990. Pg 53 ) . The bodily alterations that are associated with ageing are summarized in five words- slower, weaker, lesser, fewer and smaller. As ageing occurs experience gained throughout the lifetime helps the person and they learn to counterbalance for the many gradual diminutions that accompany old age. ( Corse 1975 ) cited in ( Sugarman. L. 1990. Pg 53 ) concludes that experience, intelligence, and instruction can assist keep normal perceptual and centripetal operation. Many alterations in visual aspect return topographic point in old age. Outward appearances get down to demo ripening, older people s tegument begins to lose snap, which causes lines and furrows to look, hair loss and gray hair may be one of the first marks of ageing, and hearing and oculus sight now begin to deteriorate ( Windmill.V.1987 ) .A Internally the kidneys, lungs, bosom and enteric piece of land all begin to work less and there may be impairment of musculuss which can literally do old people to shrivel. The decrease of Ca in the castanetss makes the old individual more prone to breaks and crispness of the castanetss is besides a job in the older population.A Arthritis is one of the more serious wellness jobs impacting older people and for most people these alterations may be gradual ( Windmill.V.1987 ) . A societal worker demands basic penetration of childhood surveies, as without them it would be hard to measure grownups on maturity theories entirely. Freud is credited with get downing the psychoanalytic attack. The cardinal premise of this attack is that behavior is governed by the unconscious every bit good as the witting procedures ; some are present at birth while others develop over clip. ( Beckett.C.2002 ) The 2nd premise of the psychoanalytic theory is that our personalities have a construction that develops over clip. Freud proposed three parts of the personality- the Idaho, the self-importance, and the superego. Freud s cardinal premises were that grownup s personalities depend on childhood experiences ; he assumed kids go through five psychosexual phases. The first being the unwritten phase, the 2nd the anal phase, and the staying phases being the phallic phase, the latency period and the venereal stage.A ( Beckett.C.2002 ) .A When looking at human lifetime development, Erik Erikson s theories can be of usage to a societal worker. Erikson was a pupil of Freud ; nevertheless he had some really different thoughts. He thought development was psychosocial and due partially to ripening and partially due to society. Erikson besides thought that personality development continued across the lifetime, unlike Freud, who suggest personality development finished in adolescence. Erikson ( 1980 ) cited in ( Niven, N, 1989, pg 155 ) proposed eight phases of development which he called developmental crises , these being viewed more as a period of trouble or quandary. They are times when persons face a turning point or passage in their lives frequently affecting a grade of emphasis associated with holding to decide each quandary. Not merely do these passages of alteration affect the person s behavior they besides affect their household and friends.A Erikson s phases are phrased in footings of an resistance between two fea tures and each person must successfully negociate the undertaking or phase in order to be able to travel on to the following 1. Eriksson s 8th phase ( late maturity ) is integrity vs desperation ; this suggests if the person has managed to negociate the old phases, so the person will hold developed a sense of unity. This refers to the credence of the restrictions of life, with the sense of being a portion of a larger whole which includes old coevalss. It enables the person to near decease without fright, if one looks back on 1 s life and sees it as unsatisfactory, desperation occurs and a feeling of what if prevails. Erikson suggests that at each passage persons may necessitate to revisit unsolved issues from old stages.A A The chief strength of Erikson s theory is that it offers a model for explicating alterations in childhood and maturity. His work has been criticised in that it represents a set of premises alternatively of precise descriptions of relationships and causes. A disa dvantage here is the deficiency of empirical evidence- this is besides another unfavorable judgment of Erikson s work.A The advantages for a societal worker utilizing Erikson s theory is that it provides markers for those events in a service user s life that may be turn outing hard and in utilizing this attack, societal workers can foreground the jobs that are likely to impact people during specific phases of their life. ( Niven. N. 1989 ) . An country of life class development most associated with older grownups relates to stop of life issues. In the ulterior phases of maturity the terminal of life is expected. Death is the terminal of biological and physical operation of the organic structure. Factors to be taken in to account for societal workers working with service users who have suffered a loss, are gender and cultural differences, as these can impact a societal worker s apprehension of what may number as a loss and what in bend can be done about it ( Currer. C 2007 ) .A Each person s reaction to heartache and emotional injury is every bit alone as a fingerprint.A A When believing about mourning and loss it is utile to look at attachment theory, Bowlby s ( 1946 ) cited in ( Davies, M, 2002 ) , major work was Attachment and Loss ; unhappily it is the instance for many persons in subsequently maturity that there is a monetary value to pay for the benefits of organizing fond regards. Harmonizing to Bowlby s fond regar d theory grownups, who as kids had secure fond regards with their carers, are able to organize satisfactory relationships in big life and this will assist them to get by with the hurting of mourning in ulterior life. Bowlby s purpose of this originally was to explicate the effects for personality development and how terrible break of fond regards between baby and female parent could hold negative effects on development. ( Butterworth. H. A ; Harris. M. 2002 ) .A Adults who did non hold secure fond regards as kids can be identified, harmonizing to Howe ( 1995 ) cited in ( Davies, M, 2002 ) , who suggests that avoidant persons are the 1s who show self trust. They may expose delayed reactions to grief, they attempt to be emotionally self reliant and are wary of organizing relationships. This means the loss of person who is near to them normally triggers defense mechanism mechanisms- they may non shout or look to be upset but are vulnerable to future losingss. Exaggerated reactions to grief can be accounted for when the person has non adjusted or come to footings with earlier loss of an of import fond regard relationship.A On the other manus ambivalently attached persons may see self-blame and guilt when their spouse dies. Where there has been an insecure fond regard in childhood ( an fond regard that does non run into the kid s needs- the demand for safety and security etc ) Bowlby ( 1998 ) cited in ( Beckett. C. 2006 ) suggests the dying kid will seek to protect themselves against dying state of affairss. The kid uses a assortment of psychological tactics and this consequences in what Bowlby called a faulty working theoretical account of themselves and of other relationships. To keep this theoretical account the kid will utilize defensive exclusion to avoid feelings that may endanger the kid s already unstable stableness. Attachment theory is backed up by empirical grounds. This is good as it can assist societal workers identify causes from an person s yesterye ar and this helps to supply accounts for present behaviors and their ability to cover with alteration ( Beckett. C.2006 ) . Each person s reaction to heartache and emotional injury are every bit alone as a fingerprint. When looking at loss it is of import to retrieve that older people may lose friends, abilities, connexions and many other things that are of import to them. The significance of heartache and loss in old age is dismissed by the ageist stereotype that older people will be used to loss because they are at an age where they have experienced tonss of it. However the world is that loss can be cumulative at this age and this consequences in negative experiences for those whose loss or heartache is non recognized or addressed ( Thompson.N. et Al. 2008 ) . It is of import that societal workers take a holistic attack to understanding life class development in older grownups, as life class is cardinal to any apprehension of ageing.A A societal worker should be cognizant that an person s life experiences and life class developments are affected by several factors- these include economic and societal facets, historical, cultural, psychological, and cognitive and physiological influences. ( Crawford, K, A ; Walker, J, 2007 ) . All passages expected or unexpected, sudden and unplanned, present chances and challenges for the person s development and growth.A Each person will hold different experiences of passages even when the life event is common to many in society, each individual will react and accommodate to that alteration in a alone manner. ( Crawford, K, A ; Walker, J, 2007 ) . There are disadvantages for societal workers when sing persons through a lifespan position as most of the theories being used are Euro centric ( European surveies ) and can non be applied to all civilizations. As a societal worker attention must be taken when utilizing any of the behavioral attacks as they raise the issues refering the usage of power and subjugation. The societal worker should non concentrate excessively much on narrow behavioral issues at the disbursal of the larger image ( Beckett.C.2006 ) . It is in a societal worker s involvement non to suppress or know apart service users but to handle them with unconditioned positive respect, non burying to handle each service user as an person with their ain sentiments and values. The theories used do hold restrictions as non all persons or civilizations fit the suggested norms and each individual develops at a different rate. As a societal worker cognizing about the different point of views from theoreticians and their suggested point of views may enable a better apprehension of what jobs a service user may be experiencing.A When working with service users from any age scope, it is of import that the societal worker does non act upon these passages with their ain life experiences. Mentions Beckett.C. ( 2006 ) .Essential Theory for Social Work Practice.Sage Publications Ltd. London. Beckett.C. ( 2002 ) .Human Growth A ; Development.Sage Publications Ltd. London. Bee.H. A ; Boyd. H. ( 2003 ) 3rd Ed.Lifespan development.Pearson Education Inc. Boston. USA Butterworth. G. and Harris. M. ( 2002 ) . Developmental Psychology. A Students Handbook. Psychology Press Ltd. Hove. East Sussex. Crawford. K. A ; Walker. J. ( 2007 ) 2nd Ed,Social Work and Human Development.Learning Matters Ltd. Exeter. Currer. C. ( 2007 ) .Loss and Social Work.Learning Matters Ltd. Exeter. Davies. M. ( 2002 ) 2nd Ed.The Blackwell Companion to Social Work.Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Oxford. Niven. N. ( 1989 )Health Psychology. An Introduction for Nurses A ; other Health Care Professionals.Churchill Livingstone. Sugarman. L. ( 1990 ) .Lifespan development. Concepts, Theories and Interventions.Routledge. London. Thompson.N. A ; Thompson. S. ( 2008 )The Social work Companion.Palgrave Macmillan. Basingstoke. Windmill.V. ( 1987 ) .Human Growth A ; Development.Hodder and Stoughton Ltd.Kent.

How US Public Land Is Surveyed and Distributed

How US Public Land Is Surveyed and Distributed Public land in the United States is land that was originally transferred directly from the federal government to individuals, to be distinguished from land that was originally granted or sold to individuals by the British Crown. Public lands (public domain), consisting of all land outside the original 13 colonies and the five states later formed from them (and later West Virginia and Hawaii), first came under government control following the Revolutionary War with the enactment of the Northwest Ordinance of 1785 and 1787. As the United States grew, additional land was added to the public domain through the taking of Indian land, by treaty, and by purchase from other governments. Public Land States The thirty states formed from the public domain, known as public land states, are: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. The original thirteen colonies, plus Kentucky, Maine, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, and later West Virginia and Hawaii, form what is known as the state land states. Rectangular Survey System of Public Lands One of the most significant differences between land in the public land states and state land states is that public land was surveyed prior to being made available for purchase or homesteading, using the rectangular-survey system, otherwise known as the township-range system. When a survey was done on new public land, two lines were run at right angles to each other through the territory - a base line running east and west and a meridian line running north and south. The land was then divided into sections from the point of this intersection as follows: Township and Range - Townships, a major subdivision of public lands under the rectangular survey system, measure approximately six miles on a side (thirty-six square miles). Townships are then numbered from the base line north and south and then from the meridian line east and west. The east/west identification is known as the Range. A Township is identified by this relationship to a base line and a principal meridian.Example: Township 3 North, Range 9 West, 5th Principal Meridian identifies a specific township that is 3 tiers north from the baseline and 9 tiers west (Range) of the 5th Principal Meridian.Section Number - Townships were then further broken down into thirty-six sections of 640 acres each (one square mile) called sections, which were numbered with reference to the baseline and meridian line.Aliquot Parts - Sections were then further subdivided into smaller pieces, such as halves and quarters, while still (generally) keeping the land in a square. Aliquot Parts were used to representing the exact subdivision of each such section of land. Halves of a Section (or subdivision thereof) are represented as N, S, E, and W (such as the north half of section 5). Quarters of a Section (or subdivision thereof) are represented as NW, SW, NE, and SE (such as the northwest quarter of section 5). Sometimes, several Aliquot Parts are required to describe a parcel of land accurately.Example: ESW denotes the east half of the southwest quarter of a section, containing 80 acres. What a Township Is In general: A township contains 23,040 acresA section contains 640 acres,A half section contains 320 acres,A quarter section contains 160 acres,A half of a quarter contains 80 acres,A quarter of a quarter contains 40 acres, etc. A legal land description for the public land states might, for instance, be written as: the west half of the northwest quarter, section 8, township 38, range 24, containing 80 acres, usually abbreviated as W ½ of NW ¼ 8T38R24, containing 80 acres. Public lands were distributed to individuals, governments, and companies in some ways, including: Cash Entry An entry that covered public lands for which the individual paid cash or its equivalent. Credit Sales These land patents were issued to anyone who either paid by cash at the time of the sale and received a discount or paid by credit in installments over four years. If full payment was not received within the four-year period, title to the land would revert to the Federal Government. Because of the economic hardship, Congress quickly abandoned the credit system and through the Act of April 24, 1820, required full payment for land to be made at the time of purchase. Private Land and Preemption Claims A claim based on the assertion that the claimant (or his predecessors in interest) derived his right while the land was under the dominion of a foreign government. Pre-emption was a tactful way of saying squatter. In other words, the settler was physically on the property before the GLO officially sold or even surveyed the tract, and he was thus given a pre-emptive right to acquire the land from the United States. Donation Lands To attract settlers to the remote territories of Florida, New Mexico, Oregon, and Washington, the federal government offered donation land grants to individuals who would agree to settle there and meet a residency requirement. Donation land claims were unique in that acreage granted to married couples was divided evenly. Half of the acreage was placed in the husbands name while the other half was placed in the wifes name. Records include plats, indexes, and survey notes. Donation lands were a precursor to homesteading. Homesteads Under the Homestead Act of 1862, settlers were given 160 acres of land in the public domain if they built a home on the land, resided there for five years, and cultivated the land. This land did not cost anything per acre, but the settler did pay a filing fee. A complete homestead entry file includes such documents as the homestead application, homestead proof, and final certificate authorizing the claimant to obtain a land patent. Military Warrants From 1788 to 1855 the United States granted military bounty land warrants as a reward for military service. These land warrants were issued in various denominations and based upon the rank and length of service. Railroad To aid in the construction of certain railroads, a congressional act of September 20, 1850, granted to the State alternate sections of public land on either side of the rail lines and branches. State Selection Each new State admitted to the Union was granted 500,000 acres of public land for internal improvements for the common good. Established under the Act of September 4, 1841. Mineral Certificates The General Mining Law of 1872 defined mineral lands as a parcel of land containing valuable minerals in its soil and rocks. There were three kinds of mining claims: Lode Claims for gold, silver, or other precious metals occurring in veinsPlacer Claims for minerals not found in veinsMill Site Claims for up to five acres of public land claimed for processing minerals. Created and maintained by the US Federal Government, records of first transfer of public domain lands are available in multiple locations, including the National Archives and Record Administration (NARA), Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and some State Land Offices. Land records related to subsequent transfers of such land between parties other than the Federal Government are found at the local level, usually a county. The types of land records created by the Federal Government include survey plats and field notes, tract books with records of each land transfer, land-entry case files with supporting documents for each land claim, and copies of the original land patents. Survey Notes and Field Plats Dating back to the 18th century, government surveys were begun in Ohio and progressed westward as more territory was opened for settlement. Once the public domain was surveyed, the government could begin to transfer title of land parcels to private citizens, companies, and local governments. Survey plats are drawings of boundaries, prepared by draftsmen, based on data in the sketches and field notes. Survey field notes are records that describe the survey performed and are completed by the surveyor. The field notes may contain descriptions of land formations, climate, soil, plant and animal life. Land Entry Case Files Before the homesteaders, soldiers, and other entrymen received their patents, and some government paperwork had to be done. Those purchasing land from the United States had to be given receipts for payments, while those obtaining land through military bounty land warrants, preemption entries, or the Homestead Act of 1862, had to file applications, give proof about military service, residence on and improvements to the land, or evidence of citizenship. The paperwork generated by those bureaucratic activities, compiled into land entry case files, is held by the National Archives and Records Administration.   Tract Books The best place to being your search when youre looking for a complete land description, tract books for the Eastern States are in the custody of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). For the Western States, they are held by NARA.  Tract books are ledgers used by the U.S. federal government from 1800 until the 1950s to record land entries and other actions related to the disposition of  public domain land. They can serve as a useful resource for family historians who want to locate the property of ancestors and their neighbors who lived in the 30 public land states. Especially valuable, tract books serve not only as an index to patented land but also to land transactions that were never completed but may still contain useful information for researchers.

Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls Inc Case Study - 15

Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls Inc - Case Study Example This prompted a group of the employees to file a case in the District Court. They argued that the policy discriminated against the female gender and violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls Inc 1991). The district court and the court of appeal granted the respondents a summary judgment on grounds that their fetal-protection policy is reasonably necessary to further the industrial safety concern (Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls Inc 1991). The petitioners claimed that excluding fertile women from lead-exposed jobs, respondents policy creates a facial grouping based on gender besides marginalizing them 703(a) of Title VII (Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls Inc 1991). They claimed the policy is not neutral because it does not apply to males despite evidence lead’s exposure posing great harm to their reproductive system. They cited that, provided that the fertile women performed their duties as expected, the company has no right to segregate them. Although the respondents argue that, they are concerned about the other coming generation’s status regardless of the law exclusively being for the parents (Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls Inc, 1991). No, the company does not satisfy its expected moral and ethical standards as required in the society by passing a policy that stigmatizes the female gender. Additionally, it also violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that protects all genders from discrimination (Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls Inc 1991). By so doing, the company would be creating a facial categorization that utilizes gender to segregate women (Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls Inc 1991). The policy is also not neutral and fair to both the two genders and how the lead affects them.  According to the company, the lead affects only the female gender despite concrete evidence that it poses adverse effects on the male reproductive organs.The law also cites that, unless the pregnant employees differ from others in their expertise, they must all get both equal treatment and opportunities

MRP3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MRP3 - Essay Example (ii) On the other hand, the fact those most male students often engage in Binge drinking leads to higher negative responses being expected. This leads to the findings that more male students like Binge drinking. Crego, A. et.at (2009). Binge SDrinking Affects Attentional and Visual Working Memory Processing in Young University Students. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, Vol. 33(11), p. 1970 – 1879. Labrie, J.; Pedersen, E.; Tobyf, L. & Lane, B. (2006). Heads Up! A Nested Intervention With FreshMen Male College Students and the Broader Campus Community to Promote Responsible Drinking. Journal of American College Health, Vol. 54(5), p. 301 – 304. *LaBrie, J. W et al. (2011). Protective behavioral strategies mediate the effect of drinking motives on alcohol use among heavy drinking college students: Gender and race differences. Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 36(4), p. 354 – 361. Felicia, D.S.; Jack, D.; Francis, D.K. & Mark, G.S. (2005). Binge Drinking and Alcohol-Related Problems Among Community College Students: Implications for Prevention Policy, Journal of American College Health, Vol.54 (3), p.137 -141 Kristins, V. et al. (2004). Binge Drinking in Female College Students: The Association of Physical Activity, Weight Concern and Depressive Symptoms. Journal of American College health, Vol.53 (3), p.133 –