In Justice We Trust Proposition 21 - 725 Words

Martin Luther King Jr. once quoted, â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to Justice everywhere.† Teenagers around the world are capable of doing anything their mind is set to do. Once a teen is set in a crime they should be fully responsible for their actions. They should be expected to go through the consequences that are brought upon them. Therefore, we the citizens arent getting the right safety we deserve. Proposition 21, helps us find our ways of treating Juveniles to see what is well-being for us citizens. Proposition 21 made different sort of changes to California laws treating juvenile offenders. This proposition was passed in 2000, protecting Californians from young criminals who don’t regard human life. Many humans voted â€Å"No† to proposition 21 because they didn’t want to pay, the fact that millions of dollars will go to those young criminals gave them that choice. But, despite the cost of it all, It allowed life imprisonment for gang membe rs who committed home-invasion robberies, drive-by shooting and more. In the Article, â€Å"Tried as Adults When They Commit Adult Crimes†, Chris Smith said, â€Å"Youths who commit crimes are criminals; they are walking our streets, living as our neighbors, and in many instances committing additional crimes.† As a child, I was raised to believe in punishments, spankings, and repercussions for bad behavior as a child. Proposition 21 resulted to have 62.1% voting â€Å"yes† outcome of Juveniles 14 years of age or older are charged with adultShow MoreRelatedThe Drug Problem and the Current Justice System Essay1823 Words   |  8 PagesThe Drug Problem and the Current Justice System The United States Correctional System is often challenged as to whether it wants to rehabilitate drug offenders or punish them, and because of this it mostly does neither. Even though drug abuse and drug trafficking are widely spread national issues, the mental, social, and economic costs of healing through incarceration are only making the disease worse. Never before have more prisoners been locked up on drug offenses than today. Mixed withRead MoreLimits to the First Amendment Essays1166 Words   |  5 Pagessusceptible minds to acknowledge. It is reasonable to say that more people listen to music everyday and for that reason, music tends to be more influential. The American people should consider the idea of censorship of music lyrics that influence violence. We as Americans, have the voice to make artists think about the harm that their lyrics can cause their listeners and possibly change their damaging style. I think it would benefit the American people to research the effect s of music lyrics on people, debateRead MoreMinimum Wage in the United States1244 Words   |  5 PagesPresident Barack Obama has shouted on Congress to raise the combined minimum wage, the centerpiece proposition at the State of the Coalition address that concentrated on commercial inequality in America. Pointing out that the present minimum of $7.25 is nearly 20% lower in real paying manipulation than it was 25 years ago, he impelled legislators to prop a bill that should hold the nationwide rate to $10.10. We additionally have to do extra to safeguard our economy distinctions the dignity of work and thatRead MoreCapital Punishment : A Today s Society2190 Words   |  9 Pagessociety lives by the motto, â€Å"an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth†, yet question the morality of death sentence. B. The death penalty supports Utilitarianism, helps the economy, and was first instituted by god himself. II. Points A. Article #1 ( Justice is Served with the Death Penalty) 1. The greatest good for the greatest amount of people. 2. Prisons are full. 3. Defendants focus on racism and minorities not overall. 4. Murders respond to the objective risk of execution. 5. Justified in a lot ofRead MoreLegal And Judicial Innovations Just A Formality Or A Step Ahead?3540 Words   |  15 Pagesusually falls into one of three categories: verbal, nonverbal, and physical. †¢ Verbal sexual harassment includes suggestive comments about dress, sexual desirability, physique, or sexual orientation; jokes about gender-specific traits; sexual propositions; and sexually related threats and insults. †¢ Non-verbal sexual harassment includes suggestive or insulting noises, obscene gestures, whistling, leering, and displaying obscene pictures. †¢ Physical sexual harassment includes touching, pinching,Read MoreGenetically Modified Food and Gm Foods4570 Words   |  19 Pagesbiotechnology issue: Agricultural biotechnology will find a support occupying the White House next year, regardless of which candidate wins the election in November (Garcia). The Future of Food reveals top ranking officials from the Supreme Court, such as Justice Clarence Thomas who previously represented Monsanto as their Lawyer for Regulatory Affairs, to Donald Rumsfeld, The Secretary of Defense, who was previously the President of Searle, a Monsanto subsidiary. Given their backgrounds, it is difficult toRead MoreCapital Punishment - Indian Perspective4621 Words   |  19 PagesParameters for Imposition of Death Penalty†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 5. Similar Crimes, Different Punishment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 6. Sentencing Policy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 7. National Crime Record Bureau†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..18-20 8. Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..21 INTRODUCTION The Death Sentence is the harshest of punishments provided in the IPC, which involves the judicial killing or taking the life of the accused as a form of punishment. The question of whether the state has a right to take the life of aRead MoreCrime is Part of Everyday Life2242 Words   |  9 Pages1.1 CRIME Crime, as we would believe, is a salient fact that is a part of our everyday life. Both the law and the lay man believe that crime is associated with harm and destruction to humans and property alike. It is true that both crime and criminals are looked upon with the greatest hatred across all sections of society, but it is also true that the study and research of the law of crimes has always been one of the most attractive branches of jurisprudence since the early years of human civilizationRead MoreEthics Is The Study Of Right And Wrong Things Are Done By Thomas Nagel Essay2079 Words   |  9 Pagesdomains of thought, to defend what I shall call a rationalist answer against what I shall call a subjective one.2 In other words, he is trying to give an explanation to, Whether the first person, singular or plural, is hiding at the bottom of everything we say or think.3 Essentially, Thomas Nagel attempts to discern whether man can perform a deed with little to no self-interest or if he is motivated solely by self-interest to perform a deed with little to no self-interest as the core motive for his actionRead MoreA New Election Of A Citizen9461 Words   |  38 Pagesyour thoughts mus t be employed in designating the person who is to be clothed with that important trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression of the public voice, that I should now apprise you of the resolution I have formed to decline being considered among the number of those out of whom a choice is to be made. I beg you at the same time to do me the justice to be assured that this resolution has not been taken without a strict regard to all the considerations

The Theory Of The Scientific Revolution - 1255 Words

In the Scientific Revolution, â€Å"there occurred a shift in humans thinking from the medieval emphasis on God s eternal unchanging world, which governed people, the universe, and nature, to an approach that defined knowledge and understanding as derived from the immutable laws of nature independent of received truth.† Scientists changed the way people think about the world. The gears of the revolution began to turn when Copernicus questioned the geocentric theory, developing his theory of heliocentrism. Many scientists use the method of beginning with a question, experimenting, then falsifying the previous theory. This method of thinking became what is now known as the scientific method. Scientists impacted all fields of science from cosmology to biology. The fields of mathematics, chemistry, and medicine were drastically improved because of the scientists in their fields who discovered new concepts to propell the movement. In all three fields, there was a thirst for under standing and organization that was answered by the revolutionary new concepts. For chemistry, it was the development of the scientific method, for mathematics, it was the organization of the universe, and for medicine, it was the movement towards clinical practices. Due to prominent mathematicians of the time period, the field of mathematics was expanded because of the reason that it provided in a socially chaotic time period. In the French language, raison is the word in french for reason and also theShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Scientific Revolutions1501 Words   |  7 PagesIn my essay I plan to argue that Thomas Kuhn was incorrect when he presented his theory that no paradigm is better than any other paradigm and how he believed that people who occupy different paradigms are in different universes, in his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. I believe that there is no valid deductive or inductive support for incommensurability, there are examples against it throughout the history of science that do not exhibit the discontinuity and replacement of paradigmsRead MoreThe Theory Of Science And Scientific Revolutions1827 Words   |  8 Pagesexplaining Kuhn’s account of the structure of normal science and scientific revolutions . Firstly, normal science and revolutionary science are pieces of a paradigm. A paradigm, in turn, is a whole way of doing science. It is a package of claims about the world, habits of scientific thought and action, and methods for gathering and analyzing data (76). A paradigm is a belief that the community supports in terms of which scientific view is correct. For example, â€Å"the sun rises in the east each morning†Read MoreThe Theory Of Science And Scientific Revolutions2396 Words   |  10 Pagesby explaining Kuhn’s account of the structure of normal science and scientific revolutions. Firstly, normal science and revolutionary science are pieces of a paradigm. A paradigm, in turn, is a whole way of doing science. It is a package of claims about the world, habits of scientific thought and action, and methods for gathering and analyzing data (76). A paradigm is a belief that the community supports in terms of which scientific view is correct. For example, â€Å"the sun rises in the east each morning†Read MoreThe Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagesparallels between ideas of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment This essay will explore parallels between the ideas of the scientific revolution and the enlightenment. The scientific revolution describes a time when great changes occurred in the way the universe was viewed, d through the advances of sciences during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The enlightenment refers to a movement that grew out of the new scientific ideas of the revolution that occurred in the late seventeenthRead MoreEvaluating Kuhn ´s Theory of Scientific Development Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The scientific revolution started in the 16th and 17th century with development of the scientific theories (Hatch, n.d.). These Scientific theories are detailed explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on knowledge that has been repeatedly duplicated through observation and experimental procedures. The understanding or the attempt to understand the human’s perspective of the world through scientific theories is the birth to the philosophy of science (Okasha, 2002). SeveralRead MoreScience Revolutions and Inseases in Inventions Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesScience Revolutions and Inseases in Inventions Over the past millennium there have been several significant scientific revolutions that have led to an increase in the amount of inventions within that field of science. Yet some scientific revolutions have been restricted to a containment of research within the field and thus meant that no inventions have occurred. Specific reasons for the increase in research are basically because new inventions can help the needs ofRead MoreEssay on The Scientific Revolution1098 Words   |  5 PagesThere were three major revolutions at work during the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries, the scientific revolution, the enlightenment revolution and the political revolution. All of these revolutions have shaped western thought and ideals to this day and continue even in this age to shape western thoughts and ideals. What brought us to our thinking of today? Which, if any of the three, were the most important in shaping our thoughts on science, politics, and our social structures? OrRead MoreThe Contributions of Isaac Newton to The Scientific Revolution1064 Words   |  5 Pages The Scientific Revolution was a period when new scientific ideas where introduced into society. The Scientific Revolution laid down a foundation in which modern science is heavily based on. An influential figure of the Scientific Revolution is Sir Isaac Newton. He made many a dvancements in the field of science and mathematics, he discovered Gravity, developed the three basic laws of motion, and co-development of Calculus. Isaac Newton did several thing that positively affectedRead MoreScience Throughout the Ages912 Words   |  4 Pagessuccessfully applied to a situation. Someone who practices science is known as a scientist. Modern science has been traced back to the early modern period and in particular to the scientific revolution. Scientific methods are considered so fundamental to modern science that some would even consider early inquiries to be pre-scientific. In modern times, science is the way of pursuing knowledge, not just the workings of knowledge itself. Science continues to be used to indicate teachable and reliable knowledgeRead MoreIs Psychology A Science?998 Words   |  4 Pagesthis the following essay will be debating the principles of science, the scientific unifying approach, poppers opinion on whether psychology is a science through his theory of falsification, and examples of past falsifiable psychology research. The further argument of weather psychology has been revolutionised by looking at Khun’s opinion, and Millers paper on the revolution of cognitive science. Science its self is scientific methods being practiced to widen and construct a system of knowledge about

Iphone 5 Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Sales Proposal: iPhone 5 Table of Contents I. Proposal Summary 3 A. Buyer Problem or Need 3 B. User Problem’s Business Impact 3 C. Value Proposition 3 II. Proposed Solution 3 A. Product Solution 3 B. Company Description 4 C. Proposal Objectives and Strategy 6 D. Feature Benefits Worksheet 6 E. Competitive Advantage 7 III. Implementation 8 A. Costs 8 B. Time Schedule 8 C. Rationale 9 IV. Buyer Profile 9 A. Contact 9 B. Company Description 10 C. Buyer’s Needs 10 D. Buyer’s Customer’s Needs 10 E. Contact History 10 V. Sales Presentation Preparation 11 A. Presentation Objectives 11 B. Business Contact Worksheet 11 C. Need Discovery Worksheet 11 D. Demonstration Worksheet 12 E. Negotiation Worksheet 12 F. Closing Worksheet 12 G. Follow Through, Follow Up and Expansion Services- List 13 VI. Appendices 13 References 14 I. Proposal Summary A. Buyer Problem or Need There is an identified need on the part of the buying organization to upgrade to a mobile infrastructure to address internal productivity needs, as well as to address the needs of customers wanting to interact with the firm using the platforms that the customers use on a daily basis (Google, 2012; Verizon Wireless, 2012; Apple, 2012; Canada, 2012; Beavis, 2012). B. User Problem’s Business Impact Productivity impacts the firm’s ability to sustain itself in the long term, and to be profitable. Customer interactions likewise drive business top lines and profits. We will write a custom essay sample on Iphone 5 or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

College Student Development Final Exam - 1254 Words

CNS574 | COLLEGE STUDENT DEVELOPMENT FINAL EXAM Your final must be submitted by Wednesday at noon (12:00 p.m.). 1. Four college friends─ Nancy, Kim, Joelle and Teresa─ who have not seen each other for several years are at their 10 year college reunion. As they are sitting at a table during a reception, they begin to â€Å"catch up† and discuss their lives and how they see themselves in terms of their roles, relationships, and responsibilities. Using Marcia’s and Josselson’s theories, assign an identity status and provide an explanation of why you believe each woman is in that status at this time of her life . With an in-depth analysis of the four friends, there are several key factors that relate to Marcia’s and Josselson’s theory of†¦show more content†¦Finally, Teresa would be classified in Moratorium, or a searcher, because she at this time in her life she is searching for a new identity. Having completed college with the â€Å"wrong major†, she is in crises trying to figure out how to proceed. She has no commitment to a previous identity, or to move into another identity. 2. Using the models proposed by Kohlberg and Gilligan as your theoretical foundation, outline the 3 levels (which includes 2 stages at each level) of Kohlberg’s theoretical model or the 3 levels of Gilligan’s model through the lens of Carla regarding her possible thoughts, moral development progression and choices on the issue of hazing and her role in her organization. Carla would be classified as a stage four, social system morality, in the conventional morality level of Kohlberg’s theoretical model. She is in this stage because her role is to provide pledge members with the best experience, while obeying the policies set forth from the university. Despite the pushback from the chapter’s community, she upholds her decision because it is the right thing to do. Robin would be in the stage five, human rights and social welfare, of post-conventional level because the bond gained from hazing will benefit the sisters as a whole. Identify what you would convey and suggest to Sally regarding her coping with the current transition process occurring in her life using Schlossberg’s

Important for an organization Free Essays

Why Is It Important for an organization to undergo this type of transformation? It Is essential for an organization to modernize and change In to the way It does business when business needs change and when the political and social aspects change. Transformation in an organization covers a vast variety of needs and activity, this is generally aimed at improving performance CE and productivity for an organization to survive. This can be achieved in many ways, from growth , innovation, skills development, as well as through downsizing, layoffs and replacement as well as haft in assets resources or market shares. We will write a custom essay sample on Important for an organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Moses cases organizations have little chance but to change. As the global world move faster mans faster mans shift unpredictably organizational transformations Is needed and required. Conventional thinking suggest that when there Is a right business structures In place It will provide suffuse cent amount of innovation, and agility for an organization to succeed and sustain. In most cases the business decisions that were once clear and knowing are becoming more complicated and ambiguous. This leads to skilled individuals with very good track record to fail in c elaboration. They are unable to work together to understand challenges, and form a game plan to resolve them. They continue to be falling back to traditional foundries and turf wars. When collaboration with others and coordinate across supply chain remains elusive. Innovation is stalled mans customer focus is uncoordinated and uneven implementation. Change Is the only constant In the world today. To have a successfully translator or change In an organization It to first engage the people who will help make the change append. Its not change that causes failure but the translation process. Some organizational change is small like a department but others are large that in voles an entire organization. Regardless of the change there will always be resistant to change even if the old way is outside and unproductive. Transition process has 3 places Letting go of the old Natural zone Embracing new normal Take prattle approach toward the upcoming change. This Is best accomplish by forming a change management ream to help prepare he organization. Inshore, when n organization Is stuck when frustrated executive work hard and long with Limited success, staff at all level are overwhelmed, guarded and cynical that is when employ to successfully manager through this transition? Define roles – managers who initiates the dead of change and points out the need, the managers who coordinates the transition, the managers who rallies the company to get behind the change and the managers responsible for seeing the chase through Identify need-?an organizations change can only happen when the organization feels the change is added. Change in leadership/management/employees bring in new to re-energize Get out side help via consultations and cooperate resources – a team to implement change from the old to new The ability to integrate systems collaborate await prairies and coordinate across the supply chain remain elusive. Innovation is hampered and stilled. Customer focused strategies ay uncoordinated and implementation is uneven. Organizational transformation is a process that no existing organization will miss in the organizational life cycle. Digitization that sis not go through transformation have probably ceased to exist because organizations that do not grandson to match with the external environment will onto survive the wave of change forgiven by external environment. Organizational transformation should be viewed as a holistic approach to a radical change which covers the entire context of an organization from ecological to humanist aspect. Every organization has some ability to stretch to adapt to changer, however at times organization are stretch t their limits and will lose the elasticity to spoon to changer. This is the time where transformation needs to take place to redesign the organization fro new challenges. Leadership as the criteria of cusses in organization, more so in the time of organization transition. The breaking of organizations culture, the values vision mans mission changes, the leadership changes , organization restructuring or even the organization members’ internal value reformation will push an organization beyond its limits and trigger the transformation process. The forces that are external to the organization or beyond he control of the organization or beyond the control of the organization. Some are technologicaladvancement, economy condition, political and social reformation, changes in legal requirement and industry revolution. The factories influencing the success of organization transformation goes hand -in -hand with the internal forces; they are organization strategies, structure, leadership, values, culture and organizations monomers spirit. The success in manipulating these factors stated will help the organization successfully transform into a more agile and powerful entity hat is able to withstand both external and internal forces. Every organization operate as a system, either an efficient one or one that is in efficient. Organization transformation was needed because the system in an organization is falling apart, due to its inefficiency. When the system is broken, members of the organization will not be able or see themselves as part of the organization. There is no clarity of their positions and functions in the system. New leaders of the organization need to reestablish the system. The systems thinking before, during and after the How to cite Important for an organization, Papers

Contracts Created by Electronic Means

Question: Discuss about theContracts Created by Electronic Means. Answer: Introduction A contract is a voluntary understanding in between two or more parties which is enforceable by law. A contract arises due to formation of agreement, consideration, legal capacity, intention, and certainty which are the five essential elements. Both the parties should be capable to enter into an agreement under the existing law. Minors, intoxicated person, mentally insufficient person cant enter into a contract. Mutual consent is essential for forming a contractual relationship in between parties[1]. The world is witnessing a changed manner of doing business due to increase use of technology. The internet has become an important medium to conduct business within or outside the country. This has created urgency and given rise to complex jurisdictional problems and formed variety of consumer protection issues. A clear purpose for the enactment of the Electronic Transaction Act 1999 by the Commonwealth Parliament is due to increase use of internet in conducting business[2]. The act is a part of the commonwealth governments strategic structure for protecting the economy in the age of technology. It ensures that the people enjoy the social and economic rights under any circumstance[3]. The act was enforced on 15 March 2000 and is made on the United Nation Commission on International Trade Laws Model Law on Electronic Commerce (UNCITRAL). It was adopted under the guidelines of the experts referring issues related to e-commerce[4]. The law safeguards the interest of people by removing the legal obstacles to use electronic communication for business[5]. Each state and territory has effectively enacted the complimentary legislation as a part of national uniform system. The legislation is based on two practical theories which are: functional equivalence and technology neutrality. Functional equivalence treats both the paper and electronic transactions on same parameter. Technology neutrality doesnt differentiate in between different type of technology. The extensive range of electronic communication includes communication through fax, email, messages or any other electronic medium. A contract is a basic necessity for any transaction in a business. It is a union connecting two or more people to discharge a legal obligation under a valuable consideration. A contract can be created with a variety of methodologies like exchange of communication by post, verbally, or by completion of formal documents. An oral contract is valid as per the law provided there is no specific requirement of a written contract. The beginning of the information age has changed the form of communication of business. There are various ways to create an electronic contract either through e-mail or by using the website[6]. The electronic contracts are divided in three major categories. Sale of physical goods is where the goods are ordered online and payment is made via internet. The customer gets the normal delivery at their doorstep. Sale of digitized goods takes place in sale of the software, where the buyer receives the goods online. Supply of services takes place in online banking, financi al consultancy, and consumer advice. The services are made available online by the service provider.The indication of lowest price[7] doesnt constitute to an offer to sell. In the case of Fisher vs. Bell it was constituted by the court that display of goods with the price label in a shop is not an offer. It will be treated as invitation to treat. The offer is made when the customer present the item to the cashier. Acceptance altogether happens when the payment is made. In the case of Harvey vs. Facey[8] difference between the offer and supply of information was stated. The Privy Council mentioned that mentioning the lowest price to the party doesnt constitute an offer, however it will be considered as mere negotiation. There are five essential of a valid contract which binds the parties under an obligation. It is necessary to make a valid offer to the other party. The other party must accept the offer to create a contractual relationship. The parties should have mutual concern regarding creating contractual relationship which involves consideration. The terms of the contract must be certain. All the essential of the electronic contract are similar to the contract law but under the electronic law, offer and acceptance are considered separately. It is significant to understand when and where the contracts are formed as it influences the privileges of the parties to the contract and helps in deciding the authority in case of disputes. New section 13(1) (a)[9]summarizes the detail information about e-contracts which means dispatch occurs when the information is transmitted. The postal acceptance rule is exclusion to normal contractual principles which are accepted due to delay in time. The contract is formed when it is accepted by the other party. In case of contract through electronic form (email) a contract shall be created when an offeree presses send rather than an offeror giving his acceptance. Time and place is important while accepting the contract. In the case law of Tallerman Co Pty Ltd v Nathan's Merchandise it was stated by the court that the actual obligation to a contract starts when the acceptance is communicated; it creates a legal relationship in between the parties. In the offer is not completed until and unless an acceptance is received to the offeror[10]. When the contracts are formed through electronic medium, it is difficult to establish the moment of creation of the contract. While creating an electronic contract, determining the time of acceptance and formation directly affects the contractual rights of the parties. For example in sale of good through online sale, sending the acceptance is a critical transaction. Under the common law it is necessary to have a deemed receipt whereas in case of electronic communication, when the information is received by the addressee. In the case of Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation the court stated that posting rule doesnt apply to the acceptance made by telex as it is an instantaneous form of communicating information. The court held that this type of acceptance doesnt led to contractual relationship[11].However new section 13(1) (b)[12] states that the time of dispatch is determined when it is acknowledged by the addressee. In the case law of Henthorn vs. Fraser it was stated by the court that claimant is entitled for specific performance. According to the ordinary usage of postal services, the acceptance is completed when the letter is posted. In the case of Adam vs. Lindsell it was stated by the court that the origin of postal acceptance rule regards to the acceptance, [13][14]and any form of acceptance should be communicated expressly to an offeror, however if the letter of acceptance is posted , it is regarded as accepted. In the case law of Leach Nominees Pty Ltd v Walter Wright the telex machine was used to send the acceptance was used by the third party. The acceptance was considered to be dispatched when the sender gave the message to the telex operator, not when it was sent. In a recent case law it was stated by the Supreme Court that the negotiation made through email are enforceable agreements. The email negotiation between a vendor and an authorized representative is a subject to a contract. It further stated that it binds the party into a contract satisfying the requirements of the Property Law Act 1974(Qld) (PLA). Further the court stated that subject to the parties have agreed on the purchase price, the deposit etc. binds the party into a contract. In the famous case of Stellard Pty Ltd Anor v North Queensland Fuel Pty Ltd it was stated by the court that the Expression email exchange suggests that the party are agreed on the terms and conditions attached with the contract. The email exchange suggests that the parties are willing to fulfill the requisite terms and conditions[15]. Offer and acceptance are essential elements to form a contract. They both are necessary ingredients to bind the party in a contractual relationship. The offer will become a contract when the acceptance is received from the other party. In Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co the court stated that the offer[16] which is made through various forms like newspaper advertisement, letter, fax, email etc. are explicit offer which held that advertisement containing certain terms and conditions regarding reward binds offeror in a contractual relationship. Section 14B of the act states the provisions concerning Invitation to treat electronic contracts. The internet and technology has changed the way of conducting business. Various websites are indulged in carrying online business which creates a contractual relationship in between the seller and buyer. By putting any product for display on internet is an offer as per the definition mentioned in the act. The act states that any good which is displayed for sale online binds the seller in a contractual relationship. Display of goods on internet is a general offer to the public where any party can ask for purchase. This creates a legal obligation on the party to perform the contract by delivering the goods.Section5 (1)[17] of the Principal Act states the provisions related to generalized offers. An unaddressed proposal made randomly is regarded as an offer. The law defines three kinds of mistakes in a contract: the unilateral mistake, the bilateral mistake, and the common mistake. The mistaken offer makes the contract either voidable or void-ab-initio. Under this act section 15D[18] applies in relation to the statement, declaration, as well as an offer and acceptance of an offer. In case of an error committed by a natural person or through a self-created message system, the party has the right to leave the part of the mistake. It is the duty to inform the other party about the error occurred at an initial stage. An offeree hasnt withdrawn any benefit from the mistaken offer. The right to withdraw the part of electronic communication doesnt provide the other party to rescind the contract. The consequence of the withdrawal of the portion of the electronic communication is determined by the law. In case of unfair contract terms the plaintiff has the rights to terminate the contract, to vary the contract terms, and to allow the other party to avoid the obligation. The acts provide legal assistance in case of dispute due to unfair means of contract. In case of financial services one can make complaint to the Australian Securities and Investment Commission. They provide legal assistance in case of financial misconduct. In case of other type of contracts the plaintiff can make a complaint to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) or Office of Fair Trading. Both the organization helps in safeguarding the rights in case of online misconduct. In the case law of Hartog v Colin Shields it was stated by the court that unilateral mistakes in the terms of an offer does not simply means the offers and to be able to enforce it. Moreover where the other person is aware about the unilateral mistake made by the offeror he should not take an advantage of such mistake. Electronic Transactions (Victoria) Act 2000 safeguards the interest of the plaintiff under inappropriate conditions. Disputes arise in between the parties due to involvement of a considerable sum. In case of dispute the parties have right to address it through arbitration or mediation. This will help both the parties to appoint a mediator to resolve the complex issues. ADR has a major role to play in future due to up gradation in technology and software. It was stated by E C Lide in his paper in the year 1996 that ADR will play a major role in resolving disputes arising out of technology. The internet ADR system will help in online solution of the dispute in the presence of experts. This model works well in ICANN Uniform Domain name[19]. The only evidence in an electronic transaction is the computer generated documents. It creates problem as it is difficult to amend data in the system. In case of e-commerce there is a risk of alteration of the data. In other words if the veracity of the electronic data is not ensured, the overall value of the contract will not remain the same. The only solution to the problem is using digital signatures. We all know that the technology is growing at a rapid rate which has led to generation of electronic tools like digital signatures. An electronic signature is signature used in case of electronic data transmission. They are recognized both in Australia and in other countries. They have the same effect as the handwritten signatures. Digital signature[20] is unique electronic identities which make them more trusted and secured way of authorization of the electronic contracts. It transforms the document using cryptography. It helps in ensuring that if any party tries to change the infor mation attached, the verification process will ensure that this situation doesnt arise. The court protects the party in case of any such misconduct. Moreover, with the advancement in technology it is highly suggested that the digital signatures will lose their authenticity due to chances of data interference. It is highly recommended to update the technology when and where it is required. The companies should change their signing and encryption keys in number of occasion because of the chances of failure in technology due to advancement. In the case law of Mehta v J Pereira Fernandez it was stated that the present various guidelines and security management system which ensures the safety of the data.The name written in the end of an email can be considered as the digital signature[21]. Its status is as similar as the hand-written signature Computer and technology has changed the scenario of conducting business. Internet has become a popular place to exchange goods and services. The society understands the increasing trend of e-commerce where majority of sales are carried online. There is however some challenges attached while conducting electronic business. The electronic transaction act defines the scope and the legal rights of the parties to the contract. It discusses the remedies available to the parties in case of non-performance. In the age of global competition the electronic contract is a tool used to perform oversea business. It consists of all the general scope attached with the legislation and explains the duty of the parties to the contract. References Alan L Tyree, Electronic signatures. https://austlii.edu.au/~alan/electronic-signatures.html Andy Gibson and Douglas Fraser, Business Law 2014(Pearson Higher Education AU, 2013) Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Christensen, Sharon --- "Formation of Contracts by Email Is it Just the Same as the Post?" [2001] QUTLawJJl 3; (2001) 1(1) Queensland University of Technology Law and Justice Journal 22 Court of Appeal [1893] 1 QB 256; [1892] EWCA Civ 1https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/carlill.html E-Commerce. https://www.ag.gov.au/RightsAndProtections/ECommerce/Pages/default.aspx Electronic Transactions(Victoria) Act 2000 - SECT 13 https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/eta2000345/s13.html Electronic Transactions(Victoria) Act 2000 - SECT 13. https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/eta2000345/s13.html Electronic Transactions(Victoria) Act 2000 - SECT 5 https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/eta2000345/s5.html Electronic Transactions(Victoria) Act1999 - SECT 15D. https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/eta1999256/s15d.html Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation [1955] 2 ALL ER 493; [1955] 2 QB 327; [1955] EWCA Civ 3https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/entores.html Harvey vs. facey (1893) Privy Council Beatson and J. Cartwright, Anson's Law of Contract (Oxford University Press, 2016) Jeannie Marie Paterson, Andrew Robertson, Arlen Duke, Principles of Contract Law (Thomson Reuters Australia, 2012 Mehta v J Pereira Fernandes S.A [2006] EWHC 813 (Ch) (07 April 2006https://austlii.edu.au/~alan/electronic-signatures.html Michael Gisler, et al. Legal Aspects of Electronic Contracts Infrastructures for Dynamic Business-to-Business Service Outsourcing (IDSO'00) Stockholm, 5 - 6 June 2000. Philip Argy and Nicholas Martin, Mallesons Stephen Jaques, The effective formation of contracts by electronic means, Stellard Pty Ltd Anor v North Queensland Fuel Pty Ltd [2015] QSC 119 (14/11998) Martin J 15 May 2015https://www.hunthunt.com.au/news-and-publications/insurance/sale-of-land-email-exchange Tallerman and Co Pty Ltd v Nathan's Merchandise (Vic) Pty Ltd [1957] HCA 10; (1957) 98 CLR 93 (18 February 1957)High Court of Australiahttps://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/cth/high_ct/98clr93.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=~contract%20near%20law